[Daryl]

Why do you assume hinge action OR motion means anything other than compression (chapter 2)?

That's what it boils down to.

Clubface control. I don't care if you use your elbow or your toes to hold the club, if you impact the ball, from impact to separation, there is a hinge action - the type of action determines the efficiency of compression.

Closing only - horizontal
Closing and layback - angled
layback only - vertical

Ed, there is always a Hinge Action for you and I. We sustain the line of Compression.

It has nothing at all to do with the amount of #3, it is all about how the ball and clubface come into contact, compress or leak, and separate.

I agree that the amount of #3 can Vary, but Zero Acc. #3 cannot produce all Hinge Actions, although Hinge Motion can be duplicated.

While it may be best monitored via the left wrist - it is, and always will be, chapter 2.

I've got your back.

The ball only knows what the club tells it.

You da man.............